Optimal Law Enforcement and Victim Precaution
推导了考虑受害者预防时最优罚款与抓捕概率的关系，发现故意犯罪领域的最优罚款低于内部化受害者损害与执法成本之和的水平。
In this I article derive the relationship between the optimal penalty and the probability of apprehension when victim precaution is taken into account. I show that in the area of intentional offenses, the optimal penalty is less than the level that internalizes the victim's harm plus the state's cost of enforcement.