Working Hours of the World Unite? New International Evidence of Worktime, 1870–1913
构建了1870-1913年欧洲、北美和澳大利亚的工时新指标，发现英国工时最短、比利时最长，到1913年大陆国家接近英国水平，新旧世界年工时趋同，但全球化并未导致工时竞次，仅部分证据支持竞优。
This article constructs new measures of worktime for Europe, North America, and Australia, 1870–1913. Great Britain began with the shortest work year and Belgium the longest. By 1913 certain continental countries approached British worktimes, and, consistent with recent findings on real wages, annual hours in Old and New Worlds had converged. Although globalization did not lead to a race to the bottom of worktimes, there is only partial evidence of a race to the top. National work routines, the outcome of different legal, labor, and political histories, mediated relations between hours and income.