Living Institutions: Sharing and Sanctioning Water among Pastoralists in Namibia
研究发现纳米比亚牧民社区几乎从不使用正式制裁来管理水资源，但供水并未崩溃，原因是人们将水共享与祖先、食物和工作等资源捆绑在一起，从而通过非正式手段维持制度。
Sanctions are often considered an important component of successful resource management. To govern water usage, pastoral communities in Namibia have specific sanctions at their disposal and yet these are almost never applied. Interestingly, this does not lead to a breakdown in water supply. To understand collective action in small communities it is important to take into account that people share multiple resources. Combining ethnography and network analysis we reveal that people cannot separate the sharing of water from the sharing of ancestries, food, and work. This discourages the application of formal sanctions while opening other means of maintaining institutional regimes.