Constraints on Oxen Cultivation in the Sahel
比较马里和上沃尔特地区牛耕与手工耕作，发现牛耕在小型雨养农场中因额外劳动机会成本过高而难以推广，且需配套创新提高高峰期劳动效率才能盈利。
Abstract Ox‐powered cultivation is common in parts of the Sahel, yet most farmers in the region continue to cultivate manually. Insights from oxen farms in Mali are compared to nonadopters in Upper Volta. Ox‐driven technology in the Sahel may be more labor shifting than labor saving. Linear programming models indicate a prohibitive opportunity cost of extra labor required for team maintenance and use on small, rainfed farms growing traditional millets and sorghums in Upper Volta. Farm simulations suggest that ox plowing increases cash crop acreage, but clearly profitable adoption requires companion innovations to boost labor productivity in peak periods.