The International Transferability of the Firm's Advantages
研究了企业优势在国际转移中的条件与障碍，指出优势来源不一定是企业独有的，也可以是行业或国家共享的因素，转移需要投资互补资产，并受运营模式和目标国选择的影响。
The international transfer of advantages by a firm is a necessary condition for successful international operations. Because of the difference between advantages relative to home competitors and advantages relative to foreign competitors, the source of the advantage transferred abroad need not be something unique to the firm. Rather, it can be a factor or characteristic shared by the industry or nation, or it can also be a non-distinctive asset or skill. Non-transferability, in turn, stems from immobility due to geographical specificity and tacit knowledge. Transfer is neither automatic nor easy and often requires investment in complementary assets. Transferability also affects and is affected by the choice of the mode of operation and the choice of target country. Understanding the concept of transferability of advantages is useful in building bridges between strategic management and international business.