Market Access and Information Technology Adoption: Historical Evidence from the Telephone in Bavaria
利用巴伐利亚电话引入的历史数据，研究发现市场准入（包括本地和外部）显著影响了电话交换机的扩散和线路采纳，其中外部连接使扩散时间平均缩短3%，4%的线路归因于城际通信，但本地人口规模和服务需求的影响更强，表明电话最初是本地城市便利设施。
Does market access affect information technology by shaping its diffusion and adoption? The introduction of the telephone in Bavaria is used to demonstrate that local and external market access affected both. External connections shortened the diffusion time of exchanges by 3 percent on average, while 4 percent of lines were due to such inter-city communication links. However, relatively stronger local effects from population size and demand for communication services, especially in larger cities, imply that initially, the telephone was primarily a local urban amenity that also became an external communication link when it rolled out to more rural places over time.