Engines of Growth: The Productivity Advance of Indian Railways, 1874–1912
估算了1874-1912年印度铁路的全要素生产率增长，发现年均增长2.3%，为印度经济带来2.7%的社会储蓄，并分析了产能利用、技术变革和组织治理改进等因素的贡献。
Railways were integral to the development of the Indian economy before World War I. This article presents new estimates of total factor productivity (TFP) for railways from 1874 to 1912, which highlight the strong performance of this key industrial sector. Railway-industry TFP growth was substantial averaging 2.3 percent per year and generating a 2.7 percent social savings for the Indian economy. A combination of factors contributed to TFP growth including greater capacity utilization, technological change, and improvements in organization and governance. Railways had higher TFP growth than most sectors in India and compared favorably with TFP growth in other countries.