Goal setting and competition as determinants of task performance
通过实验操纵目标水平和竞争条件，发现竞争在目标设定情境下对任务绩效有显著的负面作用，对研究激励和绩效管理的学者有参考价值。
Abstract Although research has demonstrated that difficult, specific goals produce higher performance than easy or non‐specific goals, little research has examined goal setting in relation to competition. In such circumstances, at least four potential outcomes are logically possible (i.e. complete or partial performance enhancement with competition versus complete or partial performance reduction). Thus, this investigation manipulated goal level and competition in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Participants ( N = 109) solved routine arithmetic problems. Results demonstrated that competition had a significant dysfunctional effect on task performance within goal setting conditions.