Why Apprenticeship Persisted in Britain But Not in the United States
研究19世纪自由劳动力市场下，英国学徒制因效率优势和行会传统的认证制度得以延续，而美国因缺乏这些传统、认证要求少、契约难以执行，雇主不愿投资培训，导致学徒制衰落。
During the nineteenth century, under free labor market contracting, apprenticeship persisted in Britain but declined in the United States. This article argues that apprenticeship endured in Britain because of its efficiency advantages and because of customs, inherited from the guilds, that favored training certification for entry into skilled jobs. By contrast, within the United States guild traditions were weaker, occupational certification was seldom required, and, as a result, indenture obligations were hard to enforce. Understandably, U.S. employers refrained from making training investments in potentially mobile apprentices.