R/D, Implementation, and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs
用熊彼特增长理论解释19世纪中期以来国家间人均收入的分化，以及20世纪下半叶最富裕国家间的趋同，将国家分为研发、实施和停滞三个趋同俱乐部。
We use Schumpeterian growth theory to account for the divergence in per capita income that has taken place between countries since the mid-19th Century, as well as for the convergence that took place amongst the richest countries during the second half of the 20th Century. The argument is based on the premise that technological change underwent a fundamental transformation in the 19th Century, associated with new scientific ideas and the increasingly scientific content of new technologies. Countries then sorted themselves into three convergence groups (R/D,Implementation, and Stagnation). A country's group membership depends on initial conditions as well as on fundamentals.