The Transfer of Management Innovations from Japan
研究了管理创新跨越文化、国家和行业边界转移失败的原因，提出了基于抽象层次和供需驱动的概念模型，并通过质量控制圈和基于时间的竞争两个案例验证。
Learning from organizational innovations and best practices has become common. However, transfer of organizational innovations over cultural, national and industry borders often fails. A conceptual model is developed based on the abstraction level of the transfer process and whether it is driven by supply or demand. The content of transfers is classified as principles, organ izational vehicles and tools. The model is applied to two cases: the Quality Control Circle (QCC) and Time-based Competition (TBC), which illustrate how principles and tools were transferred with little modifications while organ izations had to be recreated through an abstraction-application process.