Spatial disparities in developing countries: cities, regions, and international trade
回顾并构建简单模型，解释发展中国家空间不平等源于自然优势与集聚效应，分析城市规模不当和产业从内向转向外向对发展的影响。
Spatial inequality in developing countries is due to the natural advantages of some regions relative to others and to the presence of agglomeration forces, leading to clustering of activity. This paper reviews and develops some simple models that capture these first and second nature economic geographies. The presence of increasing returns to scale in cities leads to urban structures that are not optimally sized. This depresses the return to job creation, possibly retarding development. Looking at the wider regional structure, development can be associated with large shifts in the location of activity as industry goes from being inward looking to being export oriented.