Employment effects of business dynamics: Mice, Gazelles and Elephants
研究了美国320个大都市统计区中不同类型初创企业对就业的长期影响，发现只有员工数在20到500之间的初创企业（瞪羚）在大型多元化都市区才有持续就业效应。
Much of the theoretical work on industry dynamics focuses on the role of ‘noisy’ selection and incomplete information on firm entry and survival. We extend this research by looking at the impact of firm heterogeneity on employment effects for 320 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). We find that only start-ups with greater than 20 and less than 500 employees have persistent employment effects over time and only in large diversified metropolitan regions. Therefore, both the type of entry (Gazelles) and the characteristics of the region are important for employment growth.