Understanding Organizational Culture as the Quality of Workplace Subjectivity
提出用精神分析客体关系理论中的三种主体性形式（前主体、内主体、间主体）来理解工作场所中的心理防御，从而系统分析组织文化，并提供了一个分类框架。
Organization culture contains psychosocial defenses against the experience of anxiety in the workplace. It is, therefore, possible to understand organization culture by the quantity, quality, and permanence of these defenses. Psychoanalytic object relations developmental theory provides a means of understanding psychological defenses. The theory includes three forms of subjective experience, psychodynamics, and psychological defenses-presubjective, intrasubjective, and intersubjective. When these three subjective perspectives are used to understand psychosocial defenses in the workplace, they permit the development of a systematic understanding of organization culture. A taxonomy is provided that uses the three levels of developmental subjectivity and accompanying psychologically defensive processes to understand organization culture. The taxonomy is then found to subsume other theoretical perspectives for understanding organizational dynamics.