Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs
改进了价格差法，用于估算技术性贸易壁垒的关税等值，并分析了替代弹性、本国偏好和贸易成本对估算结果的影响。通过日美苹果贸易争端案例，发现取消日本的技术性贸易壁垒对美国出口收益有限。
The price‐wedge method yields a tariff‐equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped TBT estimate to its key determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, and trade cost). We use the augmented approach to investigate the recent Japan–U.S. apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.