Swimming in a Sea of Shame: Incorporating Emotion into Explanations of Institutional Reproduction and Change
提出“羞耻复合体”概念，分析羞耻感、系统性羞耻、羞耻意识与偶发羞辱在制度再生产与变迁中的作用，揭示情感如何驱动个体遵守制度规范并影响制度稳定或变革。
We theorize the role in institutional processes of what we call the “shame nexus,” a set of shame-related constructs: felt shame, systemic shame, sense of shame, and episodic shaming. As a discrete emotion, felt shame signals to a person that a social bond is at risk, and it catalyzes a fundamental motivation to preserve valued bonds. Systemic shame we conceptualize as a form of disciplinary power, animated by persons' sense of shame—a mechanism of ongoing intersubjective surveillance and self-regulation. We theorize how the duo of systemic shame and sense of shame drives the self-regulation that underpins persons' conformity to institutional prescriptions and institutional reproduction. We conceptualize episodic shaming as a form of juridical power used by institutional guardians to elicit renewed conformity and reassert institutional prescriptions, and also explain how episodic shaming may have unintended effects, including institutional disruption and recreation, when it triggers sensemaking among targets and observers that can lead to the reassessment of the appropriateness of institutional prescriptions or the value of social bonds. We link the shame nexus to three broad categories of institutional work.