Hypothesized Interdependence, Assumed Independence
许多理论假设组织内个体观测值相互依赖，但研究者常在统计模型中假定完全独立，导致解释错误。本文说明这种假设不一致造成的偏差大小和方向，鼓励用数学模型明确陈述相互依赖假设。
Many theories hypothesize interdependence of observations among individuals within organizations, yet researchers frequently assume complete independence of observations in statistical models applied to their data. The resultant interpretational errors frequently appear in the organizational sciences literature. This paper illustrates the magnitude and direction of bias because of inconsistency of assumptions of interdependence. Both theorists and researchers are encouraged to state their assumptions of interdependence with mathematical models.