Warm glow, free‐riding and vehicle neutrality in a health‐related contingent valuation study
基于红十字会健康服务的条件价值评估调查，检验了温暖辉光和搭便车行为对支付意愿的影响，发现这两种偏差在双边界和尖峰模型中均不显著，且结果对支付工具不敏感。
Criticism of contingent valuation (CV) stresses warm glow and free-riding as possible causes for biased willingness to pay figures. We present an empirical framework to study the existence of warm glow and free-riding in hypothetical WTP answers based on a CV survey for the measurement of health-related Red Cross services. Both in conventional double-bounded and spike models we do not find indication of warm glow phenomena and free-riding behaviour. The results are very robust and insensitive to the applied payment vehicles. Theoretical objections against CV do not find sufficient empirical support.