Vertical integration, exclusive dealing, and expost cartelization
发现纵向一体化企业可通过排他性交易排挤上游竞争对手并卡特尔化下游行业，但效果受下游企业异质性和市场集中度等因素限制。
This article uncovers an unnoticed connection between exclusive contracts and vertical organization. A vertically integrated firm can use exclusive dealing to foreclose an equally efficient upstream competitor and to cartelize the downstream industry. Neither vertical integration nor exclusive dealing alone achieves these anticompetitive effects. The cartelization effect of these two practices may be limited when downstream firms are heterogeneous and supply contracts are not contingent on uncertain market conditions. The extent of cartelization also depends on the degree of downstream market concentration and on the degree to which downstream competition is localized.