Fertilizer Use, Risk, and Off‐Farm Labor Markets in the Semi‐Arid Tropics of India
构建两期模型，发现风险规避的农民通过非农劳动平滑消费，从而增加化肥使用；非农劳动力市场越发达，化肥需求越高，且低失业率和高非农劳动占比促进化肥使用，表明非农劳动与农业生产在风险环境下互补。
A two‐period model is developed in which a risk‐averse farmer uses off‐farm labor to smooth consumption, leading to greater use of fertilizer. Fertilizer demand is shown to increase with the depth of the off‐farm labor market. Controlling for exogenous weather risk, farmers use more fertilizer the lower the unemployment rate and the higher the share of nonagricultural work in total off‐farm labor. The results suggest that off‐farm labor markets and own‐farm production may be complementary in risky production environments, so that policies which promote the depth of the off‐farm labor market in low‐income areas may also bolster farm productivity.