Why Do Management Practices Differ across Firms and Countries?
通过大规模调查数据，系统测量了企业、行业和国家层面的管理实践，发现管理差异是导致生产率长期差异的重要原因，并分析了市场不完善、家族所有制、监管和信息障碍等因素如何使不良管理持续存在。
Economists have long puzzled over the astounding differences in productivity between firms and countries. In this paper, we present evidence on a possible explanation for persistent differences in productivity at the firm and the national level—namely, that such differences largely reflect variations in management practices. We have, over the last decade, undertaken a large survey research program to systematically measure management practices across firms, industries, and countries. Our survey approach focuses on aspects of management like systematic performance monitoring, setting appropriate targets, and providing incentives for good performance. We explain how we measure management; identify some basic patterns in our data; then turn to the question of why management practices vary so much across firms and nations. What we find is a combination of imperfectly competitive markets, family ownership of firms, regulations restricting management practices, and informational barriers allow bad management to persist.