Trade Reform with Quotas, Partial Rent Retention, and Tariffs
针对发达国家以配额为主、租金由进出口国共享的保护现状，推导了评估贸易改革的影子价格，并给出了福利改善的充分条件。
Quotas are the predominant means of protection in developed countries, with quota rents commonly shared between exporter and importer. This paper derives shadow prices appropriate to evaluating trade reform under these circumstances and provides a number of useful sufficient conditions for welfare-improving piecemeal reform. In doing so, the authors apply the distorted (quantity-constrained) expenditure function and use implicit separability to derive more powerful results than have previously been available.