Incarceration Length, Employment, and Earnings
利用随机分配的法官作为工具变量，估计监禁时长对出狱后就业和收入的影响，发现没有一致的证据表明更长的监禁会带来不利的劳动力市场后果。
This paper estimates effects of increases in incarceration length on employment and earnings prospects of individuals after their release from prison. I utilize a variety of research designs including controlling for observable factors and using instrumental variables for incarceration length based on randomly assigned judges with different sentencing propensities. The results show no consistent evidence of adverse labor market consequences of longer incarceration length using any of the analytical methods in either the state system in Florida or the federal system in California.