The Meaning of Working in U.S. and Japanese Local Governments at Three Hierarchical Levels
通过调查美国和日本的地方政府员工，考察了国家、组织、地区和层级对工作意义核心维度（工作中心性、工作目标、权利与义务规范）的影响。
The research program undertaken by the Meaning of Working (MOW) International Research Team has documented effects of individual characteristics and macrosocioeconomic variables on work-related values and beliefs in different countries. The present study adds another dimension to this work by studying intact organizations-local governments in the United States and Japan-in place of the usual MOW samples of occupational groups. The measures used cover the three core facets of the "Meaning of Working"-work centrality, work goals, and entitlement/obligation norms. By studying intact organizations, the effects of other contextual variables-organization, region, and hierarchical level-in addition to country become evident.