Perceptions or reality: Is multi‐perspective measurement a means or an end?
从认识论角度探讨多源评估测量作为手段与目的的区别，对比科学家与实践者的视角，指出多评分可用于发展目的而非仅心理测量。
Abstract This article takes an epistemological perspective on “perceptions or reality” when examining multi‐rater assessment measures as means versus ends and contrasts the scientist's and practitioner's perspectives. Multiple ratings—when used to map differences as well as similarities in perceptions about common reference points—can be powerful tools for individual or organizational development applications. The application of measurement tools for development purposes is quite different from the psychometric focus of measurement, however. In the latter, measurement becomes an end in itself; in the former, it is more a means to an end. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.