The Liability of Leading: Battling Aspiration and Survival Goals in the Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions
研究竞争如何影响注意力分配和风险承担，发现领导者更关注抱负点并倾向于过度冒险以维持领先地位，而追随者的注意力在抱负与生存点之间切换。
We extend the variable risk preferences model of decision making to a competitive context in order to develop theory about how competition affects both focus of attention and risk taking. We hypothesize and find support for leader–follower differences in the channeling of attention to an aspiration or survival point. Our results indicate that leaders focus on their aspiration point, whereas followers' focus of attention shifts between their aspiration and survival points. By identifying and elaborating on the different cognitive loads and social expectations related to the positions of leader and follower, we show that leaders are prone to take excessive risks to maintain their leadership position. We refer to this phenomenon as the liability of leading. Our study context is a naturally occurring experiment in strategic decision making, the Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions.