Chandler's Living History:The Visible Handof Vertical Integration in Nineteenth Century America Viewed Under a Twenty‐First Century Transaction Costs Economics Lens
运用交易成本理论重新解读钱德勒《看得见的手》中19世纪美国企业纵向一体化的案例，分析麦考密克、胜家、斯威夫特和联合果品等公司的组织创新，为理解21世纪新兴行业的纵向整合策略提供历史洞见。
abstract Alfred Chandler's recent passing is cause to review and celebrate his many contributions to business history. It also presents an opportunity to highlight links between his rich historical analyses concerning organizational and industrial innovation and contemporary management studies of the firm and industrial organization. We illustrate this point by applying transaction costs theory to several case studies from his 1977 masterwork narrating the emergence of vertically‐integrated firms in nineteenth‐century America, The Visible Hand . Vertical integration, organizational control, and innovation in manufacturing at McCormick Harvester and Singer Sewing Machines, and in transportation and distribution at Swift and United Fruit reflect managerial responses to classic transaction costs considerations including commercial relationships requiring the creation of specialized equipment and knowledge. Transaction costs analysis provides complementary historical insight on organizational innovation at these and other firms in the nineteenth century, and suggests when and where we might expect vertical integration strategies in emerging industries of the twenty‐first century.