Promotion to Partner in Professional Service Firms
研究了专业服务公司中“不升即走”晋升制度的实际使用情况，发现仅不到三分之一的公司采用该制度，且主要集中于大型公司，内部改革无法完全解释其稀缺性。
A shift away from "up-or-out," the conventional promotion system in professional service firms, has been explained as part of a wider set of changes in internal labor market arrangements and management methods. This is investigated empirically in a sample of large partnerships in one profession. Up-or-out was used by less than one-third of the sample of firms but is common among the largest firms. Internal reforms to the professional firm do not fully explain its rarity; up-or-out appears to be adaptable to new forms of management and internal labor market policies. This raises a number of questions about the utility of theoretical explanations of how professional service firms work or are changing.