Trees, tenure and conflict: Rubber in colonial Benin
研究了殖民时期尼日利亚贝宁地区橡胶种植如何改变土地权属，农民获得永久可转让权利，但也引发与竞争者及国家的冲突。
Tree crops have changed land tenure in Africa.Farmers have acquired permanent, alienable rights, but have also faced disputes with competing claimants and the state.Para rubber had many similar effects in the Benin region of colonial Nigeria.Farmers initially obtained land by traditional methods.Mature farms could be sold, let out, and used to raise credit.Disputes over rubber involved smallholders, communities of rival users, and migrants.