The Role of Gender in Biased Technical Change: U.S. Manufacturing, 1850–1919
发现19至20世纪初美国制造业中男女劳动力不可加总，技术变革偏向使用女性劳动力，且整体偏向使用劳动力，对哈巴库克-罗斯巴思劳动力稀缺假说提出质疑。
Differential treatment of men and women in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century labor markets casts doubt on the common practice of adding male and female labor to create a single “labor” variable in the production function. This article shows that men and women must be disaggregated in the production function, and investigates the effects of inappropriate aggregation on the debate over the Habakkuk-Rothbarth labor scarcity hypothesis. With disaggregation, a female-using bias and an overall labor-using bias is found for the period 1850 through 1919. Technical change was male-neutral through 1900 and male-using thereafter.