Nationalizations and the Development of Transport Systems: Cross-Country Evidence from Railroad Networks, 1860–1912
研究了1860-1912年间多国铁路国有化的原因及其对铁路网络扩张的影响，发现行政权约束低、法德民法体系及邻国军力强时国有化更多，且国有化降低了铁路里程增长。
Many states nationalized portions of their railroad network between 1860 and 1912. This article uses new cross-country data to examine which factors contributed to nationalizations and how nationalizations influenced network expansion. I find evidence that nationalizations were greater in countries with low constraints on the executive branch, with French and German civil law systems, and where neighboring countries had higher military capability. I also find evidence that nationalizations reduced mileage growth. The results suggest that external military threats increased the appeal of nationalizations, while legal and political institutions influenced their costs. They also suggest that nationalizations reduced investment incentives.