Regulating Endangered Species
指出濒危物种监管中禁止贸易的做法忽略了根本原因：物种生存取决于人类对土地和资源管理的投资决策，并探讨如何通过管理需求来鼓励持续投资。
Endangered species Timothy Swanson One important issue at the 'Earth Summit' in Rio de Janeiro was the preservation of diverse biological resources, or 'biodiversity'. To date the regulation of endangered species has been based on the premise that over exploitation is the principal problem. This diagnosis has led to a wide range of attempts to 'destroy demand' for wildlife, by means of bans on trade and consumption of the products of endangered species. This approach misses the fundamental cause of the problem. Terrestrial species compete for land; land use primarily reflects human decisions about its allocation. Even over exploitation is the result of human allocation decisions; species that are overexploited are those for which society chooses not to invest in their management. Species that survive are thus those in which humans chose to invest, whilst extinction should be interpreted as disinvestment in species or their ancillary resources (habitat management). Trade bans do not address this fundamental cause of extinction. The paper sets out how demand should be constructively managed to encourage continuing investment in endangered species.