Organizational Crisis. Part II: Strategies and Responses
从个体和组织两个层面，按短期、中期、长期描述了组织应对危机的方式，指出一些最有效的应对（如危机中分权）可能反直觉且不常发生，并基于此提出了预防和管理行动策略。
The ways organizations respond to crisis can be described in terms of the level of the individual-short, intermediate, and long term-and the level of the organization as a whole-also short, intermediate, and long range. Different kinds of response have disparate implications for organizational effectiveness and survival. Some of the most effective responses can be counterintuitive and are not especially likely to occur, e.g., decentralization in crisis situations. Based upon these considerations and empirical examples of them, several examples of both preventive and management action strategies are described as means to organizational survival and growth.