Presidential Address: The Cost of Active Investing
比较了美国股市主动投资与被动投资的费用和交易成本，发现1980-2006年间投资者每年花费市场总值的0.67%寻求超额收益，若转向被动投资，典型投资者年均回报可提高67个基点。
ABSTRACT I compare the fees, expenses, and trading costs society pays to invest in the U.S. stock market with an estimate of what would be paid if everyone invested passively. Averaging over 1980–2006, I find investors spend 0.67% of the aggregate value of the market each year searching for superior returns. Society's capitalized cost of price discovery is at least 10% of the current market cap. Under reasonable assumptions, the typical investor would increase his average annual return by 67 basis points over the 1980–2006 period if he switched to a passive market portfolio.