When leaders display emotion: how followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders
研究观察了男性或女性领导者表达负面情绪（悲伤或愤怒）如何影响下属的情绪状态和对领导者效能的评价，发现负面情绪表达会降低评价，且性别与情绪类型存在交互作用。
A leader's emotional display is proposed to affect his or her audience. In this study, observing a male or female leader express negative emotion was proposed to influence the observer's affective state and assessment of the leader's effectiveness. In a laboratory study, a leader's specific negative emotional tone impacted the affective state of participants in the study. Negative emotional display had a significant and negative main effect on participant assessment of leader effectiveness compared to a more neutral emotional display. Further, a significant interaction between leader gender and emotion was found. Male leaders received lower effectiveness ratings when expressing sadness compared to neutrality, while female leaders received lower ratings when expressing either sadness or anger. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.