Mortality on Immigrant Voyages to New York, 1836–1853
基于1077艘赴纽约移民船的数据，估计了1836-1853年间船上死亡率约为每月每千人10人，发现死亡率因性别、出发港和到达季节而异，但与拥挤程度、移民国籍和到达年份无关。
The first systematic estimates of mortality on immigrant ships are presented in the paper. From passenger lists of immigrant arrivals, a sample of 1077 ships that arrived at New York between 1836 and 1853 was obtained and analyzed. Immigrants died at a rate of about 10 per thousand boarded per month with a significantly higher rate for 1849. Mortality was found to vary by sex, port of origin, and season of arrival. No significant variation was found between mortality and the following variables: crowding, nationality of the immigrant, and year of arrival.