Conceptualizing and Measuring Professional and Administrative Models of Organizing
提出并验证了一套测量工具，用于区分官僚系统、市场企业、专业群体和社区服务四种组织模式，数据来自一家医疗管理组织，支持了量表的效度和稳定性。
This article introduces a typology and evaluates a set of measures for studying professional and administrative models of organizing. Four mental models of organizing are contrasted: the bureaucratic system model, the market enterprise model, the professional group model, and the community service model. These organizing models reflect the internal and external partitioning of administrative and professional rationality. This article describes the development of an instrument for measuring the extent to which individuals perceive that their organization does or should emphasize each of these four models. Data obtained from repeated administrations of this survey instrument in a managed health care organization support the convergent and discriminant validity of the proposed measures, as well as their temporal stability and generalizability across occupational groups. An analysis of relationships between these constructs and theoretically related constructs provides preliminary evidence for their value in the analysis of complex organizations.