The Prevalence of Equity and Non-Equity Cross-Border Linkages: Japanese Investments and Alliances in the United States
结合进入模式与联盟理论，利用日美联盟与投资数据库，考察了企业跨境投资与联盟的普遍性，发现三种与生产效率、交易成本和知识学习相关的常见组合。
Using complementary theories derived from the foreign-entry mode and alliance literatures and two databases on Japanese/US alliances and investments, this study examines the prevalence — a combination of formation and termination — of the full range of investment and cross-border linkage alternatives available to firms. We find that some combinations among the administrative forms, the knowledge flow intent between the partners, and industry-related technology and risk factors were more prevalent than others. Specifically, there were three prevalent combinations consistent with the notions of production efficiency, transaction cost efficiency and learning/adaptation: (1) wholly owned subsidiaries in low R&D-intense industries with the intent of unidirectional knowledge flow; (2) joint ventures in medium R&D-intense industries with reciprocal knowledge flows; and (3) technical agreements with reciprocal knowledge flows in high-tech industries.