Lords of the Harvest: Third-Party Influence and Regulatory Approval of Genetically Modified Organisms
研究监管机构决策受第三方影响，以美国农业部审批转基因生物为例，发现利益相关者和同行机构的评估会影响产品批准，且效果因威胁类型而异。
Little is known about the factors that influence regulatory agency decision making. We posit that regulatory agencies are influenced by the firms they regulate but not exclusively via dyadic exchanges, as is traditionally argued in the regulatory capture and business-government literatures. Instead, regulatory decisions are indirectly shaped via third-party actors who shield agencies from legitimacy threats. Focusing empirically on the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) approval of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), we find that product assessments by powerful stakeholders and peer agencies influence product approval and that their effects vary under different threats. We also discuss the implications of these findings for business-government relations, nonmarket strategy, and organization theory.