The Criterion Approach to Unraveling Beta and Alpha Change
提出一种基于标准变量的方法，通过理论关联和实证相关来区分自我报告干预数据中的贝塔变化（量表重新校准）和阿尔法变化（实际增减），帮助研究者更准确地分析前后测变化。
Three types of change that occur with self-reported pre-post-intervention data are reconceptualization (gamma change), scale recalibration (beta change), and actual increase or decrease (alpha II change). Beta change is shown to have occurred if a beta change criterion is theoretically and empirically related to the shifts in the focal variable. It is suggested that correlations between shifts on a criterion and a focal variable are a means for estimating the relative size of beta and alpha change.