Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences
比较印度直接受英国殖民统治与间接统治地区在后殖民时期的经济成果，发现直接统治地区在学校、医疗中心和道路等公共设施获取上显著更差，且殖民时期治理质量有持续影响。
This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas that experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers, and roads in the postcolonial period. I find evidence that the quality of governance in the colonial period has a significant and persistent effect on postcolonial outcomes.