Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in the Habsburg Empire, 1827–1910
利用哈布斯堡帝国各省1827年以来的新工资和价格数据，构建了连续的实际工资序列，揭示了工业化期间生活水平的变化：1850年代前停滞，之后西部持续增长而东部未跟上，帝国与邻国及内部趋同情况不一。
This article analyses a new series of prices and wages stretching back to 1827 for the provinces of the Habsburg Empire. These real wage series are the first continuous and consistent indicator of changing living standards in this part of Europe during industrialization. They show that while the living standards stagnated throughout the monarchy prior to 1850s, the West (unlike the East) was able to launch onto a path of continuous growth in the second half of the century. The empire experienced little convergence onto the living standards of its neighbors and even internally the convergence record is mixed.