A closer look at the effects of subordinate-supervisor age differences
研究下属与直接主管及更高层主管的年龄差异对员工缺勤、组织公民行为和工作变革行为的影响，发现方向性年龄差异（谁比谁大）比非方向性差异有更多显著效应。
Relational demography research has emphasized a similarity–attraction paradigm in explaining employees' reactions to demographic differences from other organizational members. This study examined similarity–attraction (nondirectional age differences) and status incongruence (directional age differences) predictions of age difference effects. The nondirectional and directional differences between the age of a subordinate and the ages of his or her immediate and higher-level supervisors were used to predict employee absenteeism, citizenship, and work change behaviors. Results revealed that there were more significant and marginally significant directional age difference effects than nondirectional age difference effects on work outcomes. The implications of these results for organizations are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.