A SURVEY OF MEASUREMENT BIASES IN PRICE INDEXES
综述了美国主要价格指数（CPI、PPI、GDP平减指数）的测量误差文献，重点讨论了替代偏差、质量偏差、新商品偏差和渠道替代偏差，发现对整体测量误差的研究很少，认为2-3%的通胀率与价格稳定一致的说法缺乏科学依据。
Abstract. This paper reviews the literature on measurement error in the major US price indexes—the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Producer Price Index (RPI), and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflators. We take as our point of departure Triplett's, 1975, survey and focus on the studies of measurement error that have appeared since then. We review the problems of substitution bias, quality bias, new goods bias, and outlet substitution bias that are generally considered to be the main sources of error in price indexes. The bulk of the paper is devoted to problems in the CPI and PPI, as the GDP deflators tend to be based mainly on the components of these series. We find that there has been surprisingly little work on the problem of overall measurement error in any of these price indexes, and we conclude that there is very little scientific basis for the commonly accepted notion that measured inflation at 2 to 3 percent a year is consistent with price stability.