Open innovation: Are inbound and outbound knowledge flows really complementary?
研究了开放式创新中知识流入与流出是否互补，发现比利时制造企业同时买卖知识虽增加新产品销售，但研发成本上升更快，未证实互补性。
One novel implication of the open innovation paradigm is that inflows and outflows of knowledge are complementary. We argue that engaging simultaneously in buying and selling knowledge should allow firms to increase innovation outcomes. At the same time, we identify some of the relevant costs (cognitive, transaction, and organizational costs) that “open” firms can reduce by combining knowledge inflows and outflows. Empirically, however, we find no evidence for such complementarity in a sample of Belgian manufacturing firms. Firms buying and selling knowledge do increase their sales of new products, but at the same time their R&D costs increase more than proportionally. Our findings, therefore, indicate the need for research into a better understanding of the drivers of actual costs of organizing for open innovation . Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.