Exit, Voice, and Silence: Consumers' and Managers' Responses to Organizational Decline
基于Hirschman的退出-发声-忠诚框架，研究消费者和管理者对组织衰退的反应，特别关注管理者不响应退出和发声的条件，并以波兰非市场经济为例。
Albert Hirschman's contribution in Exit, voice, and loyalty provided a framework within which investigators could simultaneously examine people's responses to deteriorating organizational performance and administrators' responses to members' or customers' responses. Traditional analyses focussed on exits — people ceasing to buy a firm's products or leaving the organization — and on competition between organizations as remedies for declining performance. Hirschman added the concept of voice — people expressing dissatisfaction through some form of overt protest. Underlying his model was an implicit assumption of administrators' responsiveness to exit and voice, whereas we posit that there are many conditions under which managers and leaders are highly unresponsive. These conditions are highlighted in nonmarket economies, and we draw illustrative material from Poland to support our arguments.