Can real-options analysis improve decision-making? Promises and pitfalls
区分了四种实物期权类型，说明它们如何减少不确定性，并指出管理者在使用实物期权时可能陷入的陷阱，如承诺升级，强调其作为决策工具的价值与局限。
Executive Overview Managers are faced with uncertainty in nearly every aspect of their decisions. Reducing uncertainty, then, often leads to better decisions and greater potential firm success. The real-options literature provides one tool to reduce uncertainty. A real option is commonly defined as any decision that creates the right, but not the obligation, to pursue a subsequent decision. Used effectively, these options can minimize losses while preserving potential gains. Real options are used both formally, as a modeling tool for specific decisions, and informally, as a perspective for framing decisions in a different light. We separate real options into four distinct types—immediate entry, immediate exit, delayed entry, and delayed exit. We then provide additional understanding into how they differ and how each can reduce uncertainty. We also suggest that firms should use all four types of real options to search for additional benefits beyond uncertainty reduction. We identify several pitfalls to avoid, as well as processes to help avoid such pitfalls as escalation of commitment. In addition, we show that real options are as vulnerable to the frailties of managers as are other types of decision tools, frailties which may affect both the appropriate writing and exercising of a real option. A real-options perspective encourages both low-cost trials, where failure is not catastrophic, as well as a conscious search for benefits that may emerge from the learning embedded inside the option.