Globalization and U.S. Wages: Modifying Classic Theory to Explain Recent Facts
回顾全球化如何解释美国近10-15年实际和相对工资趋势，发现商品贸易对技能工资不平等影响证据不一，但全球化可能通过服务可贸易性和更大市场规模提升超级明星的收入，并扩展了经典贸易模型来解释多数美国人实际收入下降。
This paper seeks to review how globalization might explain the recent trends in real and relative wages in the United States. We begin with an overview of what is new during the last 10–15 years in globalization, productivity, and patterns of U.S. earnings. To preview our results, we then work through four main findings: First, there is only mixed evidence that trade in goods, intermediates, and services has been raising inequality between more- and less-skilled workers. Second, it is more possible, although far from proven, that globalization has been boosting the real and relative earnings of superstars. The usual trade-in-goods mechanisms probably have not done this. But other globalization channels—such as the combination of greater tradability of services and larger market sizes abroad—may be playing an important role. Third, seeing this possible role requires expanding standard Heckscher–Ohlin trade models, partly by adding insights of more recent research with heterogeneous firms and workers. Finally, our expanded trade framework offers new insights on the sobering fact of pervasive real-income declines for the large majority of Americans in the past decade.