Social assistance, gender, and the aged in South Africa
回顾南非非缴费型社会养老金的历史，分析其减贫效果和性别差异，发现养老金惠及女性多于男性，并显著降低黑人家庭的贫困。
This paper reviews the history of the noncontributory social pension in South Africa, as well as recent work on the distributional and poverty-alleviating effects of this program. The pension has a strong gender dimension, reaching three times as many women as men, and has an unambiguous impact on reducing household poverty, particularly among Black South African households. The existing literature also suggests that the pension reaches unintended beneficiaries within households and that strongly gender-differentiated patterns emerge both in the sharing of pension incomes by pensioners and in the behavioral responses of other household members to pension receipt.