Infringement of intellectual property in innovation partnerships
利用2008年德国创新调查数据，研究发现创新伙伴关系会使知识产权侵权风险比样本平均水平高出最多37%，而正式保护机制无法消除对隐性知识等非正式知识产权的侵权。
Using data from the G erman C ommunity I nnovation S urvey ( CIS ) from 2008, we analyze whether innovation partnering increases the risk of experiencing infringement of intellectual property ( IP ). The results show that depending on types of IP innovation, partnerships increase the risk of infringement by up to 37% compared with the average risk in the sample. The results suggest that this massive increase can be reduced by IP rights and contracts to govern the partnerships. Yet, we show that formal protection mechanisms do not eliminate the sources of opportunistic infringement, because that infringement in innovation partnerships more commonly relates to the infringement of formally unprotected IP , such as tacit knowledge and know‐how.